@article{howell_multiyear_2015,
	title = {Multiyear ice replenishment in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago: 1997–2013},
	volume = {120},
	url = {https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2015JC010696},
	doi = {https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JC010696},
	abstract = {Abstract In the Canadian Arctic Archipelago ({CAA}), multiyear ice ({MYI}) replenishment from first-year ice aging ({CAAMYI}-Oct-1) and Arctic Ocean {MYI} exchange ({CAAMYI}-exchange) contribute to the {CAA}'s relatively heavy sea ice conditions at the end of the summer melt season. We estimate these components using {RADARSAT} and the Canadian Ice Service Digital Archive and explore processes responsible for interannual variability from 1997 to 2013. {CAAMYI}-Oct-1 (52 ± 36 × 103 km2) provides a larger contribution than {CAAMYI}-exchange (13 ± 11 × 103 km2). {CAAMYI}-Oct-1 represents ∼10\% of the amount that occurs in the Arctic Ocean. {CAAMYI}-exchange represents ∼50\% of Nares Strait {MYI} export to Baffin Bay and ∼12\% of Fram Strait {MYI} export to the Greenland Sea. {CAAMYI}-Oct-1 exhibits dependence on warmer (cooler) summers that increase (decrease) melt evident from strong relationships to surface air temperature ({SAT}), albedo and total absorbed solar radiation (Qtotal). {CAAMYI}-exchange is influenced by summer sea level pressure ({SLP}) anomalies over the Beaufort Sea and Canadian Basin which shifts the primary source of {CAAMYI}-exchange between less obstructed M'Clure Strait (low {SLP} anomalies) and the more obstructed Queen Elizabeth Islands (high {SLP} anomalies). Over the 17-record, appreciable replenishment occurred for most years from 1997 to 2004, reduced replenishment from 2005 to 2012, and large replenishment in 2013. The reduced replenishment period was associated with positive {SAT}, negative albedo, and positive Qtotal anomalies that facilitated more melt and less {CAAMYI}-Oct-1, together with high {SLP} anomalies that facilitated less {CAAMYI}-exchange. Large replenishment in 2013 was primarily from {CAAMYI}-Oct-1 attributed to strongly negative {SAT} and Qtotal anomalies and strongly positive albedo that impeded melt.},
	pages = {1623--1637},
	number = {3},
	journaltitle = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans},
	author = {Howell, Stephen E. L. and Derksen, Chris and Pizzolato, Larissa and Brady, Michael},
	date = {2015-02-06},
	note = {\_eprint: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/2015JC010696},
	keywords = {sea ice, Canadian Arctic Archipelago, multiyear ice, Northwest Passage, replenishment},
}